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Disposal

The International Atomic Energy Agency defines disposal as:

    The emplacement of waste in an approved, specified facility (e.g. near surface or geological repository) without the intention of retrieval.
The primary distinction between "disposal" and "storage" is the phrase "without the intention of retrieval". If waste retrieval is intended, then it is "long-term storage", or even "permanent storage".

The approvals required for disposal of radioactive wastes are granted by regulatory authorities and/or other government agencies in individual countries. There are currently a number of organizations around the world which operate licensed disposal facilities for radioactive wastes. There are also a number of national and/or regional organizations that are actively seeking to develop disposal facilities.

Links to operating disposal facilities are marked with . Links to former (closed) disposal facilities are marked with . For additional information about the sites (e.g. "unofficial" information posted by other organizations), try a web search using the facility name, location and/or operating organization. Links identified with are in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. You may need a special plugin to access these pages.


General

  • Database for Nuclear Waste Disposal Projects (US)   EN 
  • Developing Multinational Radioactive Waste Repositories: Infrastructural Framework & Scenarios of Co-operation (IAEA)   EN 
  • Disposal of high-level radioactive waste (NEA)   EN 
  • Disposal of Low Activity Radioactive Waste: Proceedings of an International Symposium (IAEA)   EN 
  • Disposal Options for Disused Radioactive Sources (IAEA)   EN 
  • EDRAM - International Association for Environmentally Safe Disposal of Radioactive Materials (International)   EN 
  • Environmental & Ethical Basis of Geological Disposal of Long-Lived Radioactive Wastes (NEA)   EN 
  • Ethical issues in the disposal of radioactive waste (UK)   EN 
  • Evaluation of the Extended Care Fund Barnwell LLW Disposal Facility (US)   EN 
  • Federal Institutional Control Requirements for Radioactive Waste (US)   EN 
  • French R&D Programme on Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NEA)   EN 
  •   Programme français de R-D sur le stockage géologique de déchets radioactifs (NEA)   FR 
  • Global Experience in Waste Disposal (IAEA)   EN 
  • High-Level Waste Disposal (US)   EN 
  • International Nuclear Waste Disposal Concept (Australia)   EN 
  • Learning & Adapting to Societal Requirements for Radioactive Waste Management (NEA)   EN 
  • Long-Term Stewardship Study (US)   EN 
  • Low-Level Waste Disposal (US)   EN 
  • Nuclear Waste Disposal in Canada (Canada)   EN 
  • Nuclear Waste Disposal Issues in Ft. Hancock, TX (US)   EN 
  • Nuclear Waste: Storage & Disposal Methods (US)   EN 
  • ODM - Oceanic Disposal Management (Switzerland)   EN / FR 
  • One Step at a Time: The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste (US)   EN 
  • Permanent RadWaste Solutions (US)   EN 
  • Il problema dei rifiuti radioattivi (Italy)   IT 
  • Progress Towards Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste: Where do We Stand? (NEA)   EN 
  • Radioactive Waste Management in the EU (International)   EN /FR / DE / ES / * 
  • Records for Radioactive Waste Management up to Repository Closure (IAEA)   EN 
  • Reference Biospheres for Solid Radioactive Waste Disposal (IAEA)   EN 
  • Repositorios (Chile)   ES 
  • Retrievable disposal of radioactive waste in the Netherlands (Netherlands)   EN 
  • Reversibility & Retrievability in Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NEA)   EN 
  • Stakeholder Confidence & Radioactive Waste Disposal (NEA)   EN 
  • Stakeholder Involvement Techniques (NEA)   EN 
  • Stepwise Approach to Decision Making for Long-term Radioactive Waste Management: Experience, Issues, and Guiding Principles (NEA)   EN 
  • Subductive Waste Disposal (Canada)   EN 
  • The Sub-Seabed Solution (US)   EN 
  • Surveillance & Monitoring of Near Surface Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Waste (IAEA)   EN 
  • USDOE Waste Disposal (US)   EN 
  • US GAO Report: Spent Nuclear Fuel - Options Exist to Further Enhance Security (US)   EN 
  • Zwischenlagerung in Deutschland (Germany)   DE 

    International Research Projects

  • BIOCLIM - Modelling Sequential Biosphere Systems under Climate Change for Radioactive Waste Disposal (France)   EN 
  • BIOPROTA (International)   EN 
  • CROP - Cluster Repository Project (International)   EN 
  • Decovalex THMC (International)   EN 
  • ESDRED - Engineering Studies & Demonstration of Repository Designs (EU)   EN 
  • FUNMIG - Fundamental Processes of Radionuclide Migration (EU)   EN 
  • NAnet - Network to review natural analogue studies (UK)   EN 
  • NAWG - Natural Analogue Working Group (International)   EN 
  • NetExcel - Network of Excellence in Nuclear Waste Management & Disposal (International)   EN 
  • Prototype Repository Project (International)   EN 
  • RETROCK - Treatment of geosphere retention phenomena in safety assessments (International)   EN 

    Safety Issues

  • Anthropogenic Analogues for Geological Disposal of High Level & Long Lived Waste (IAEA)   EN 
  • Confidence in the Long-term Safety of Deep Repositories (NEA)   EN 
  • Development of Specifications for Radioactive Waste Packages (IAEA)   EN 
  • Geological Problems in Radioactive Waste Isolation: The Second World Wide Review (US)   EN 
  • Identifying public concerns & perceived hazards for the phased disposal concept (UK)   EN 
  • Long Term Behaviour of Low & Intermediate Level Waste Packages Under Repository Conditions (IAEA)   EN 
  • Natural Activity Concentrations & Fluxes as Indicators for the Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Disposal (IAEA)   EN 
  • Post-Closure Safety Case for Geological Repositories (NEA)   EN 
  • Safety of Disposal of Spent Fuel, HLW & Long-lived ILW in Switzerland (NEA)   EN 
  • Safety Indicators for the Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Disposal (IAEA)   EN 
  • Upgrading of Near Surface Repositories for Radioactive Waste (IAEA)   EN 

    Siting Issues

  • Compensation in Radioactive Waste Management: Ethical issues in the treatment of host communities (UK)   EN 
  • COWAM Network (International)   EN 
  • COWAM 2 - 2nd European Project of Community Waste Management (EU)   EN 
  • Fairness & Siting (US)   EN 
  • Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden (Sweden)   EN 
  • GMF - Group of European Municipalities with Nuclear Facilities (International)   EN 
  • Ibaraki Atomic Energy Consultation (Japan)   JP 
  • Locating & Engineering Hydrologically Secure HLW Repositories (UK)   EN 
  • Methods for choosing the right site (Australia)   EN 
  • Michigan LLW Siting Investigation (US)   EN 
  • NJ Disposal Options Report (US)   EN 
  • Nuclear Waste Disposal - Exploring Paths toward a Permanent Repository (US)   EN 
  • Pennsylvania's LLW Advisory Committee (US)   EN 
  •   Proposed Model of the PA LLW Disposal Facility (US)   EN 
  • Public Participation in Radwaste Disposal (UK)   EN 
  • Public Perceptions about Equity & Fairness (US)   EN 
  • Review of New York State LLW Siting Process (US)   EN 
  • Socioeconomic Issues with a HLW Repository at Yucca Mountain (US)   EN 
  • Technology, Risk, & Place: Siting a Radioactive Waste Dump (US)   EN 
  • UK National Consensus Conf on RadWaste Management (UK)   EN 

    Australia

  • Draft EIS for the National Repository Project   EN 
  • An International Peer Review of the Licence Application for the Australian Near Surface Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility (IAEA)   EN 
  • National Repository Program   EN 

    Belgium

  • EURIDICE   NL / FR / EN 
  • MONA - Mols Overleg Nucleair Afval   NL / EN 
  • NIRAS/ONDRAF - Nationale Instelling voor Radioactief Afval en verrijkte Splijtstoffen   NL / FR / EN / DE 
  • PaLoFF - Partenariat Local Fleurus Farciennes   FR 
  • SCK/CEN - Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie / Centre d'étude de l'Energie Nucléaire   NL / FR / EN 
  • STOLA - STudie- en Overleggroep Laagactief Afval Dessel   NL 

    Canada

  • AECL - Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.   EN / FR 
  • Canadian Nuclear Fuel Disposal Concept   EN 
  • LLRWMO - Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office   EN / FR 
  • Nuclear Fuel Waste Management & Disposal Concept EA Report   EN 
  •   Federal Government Response to EA Panel Report   EN 
  • NFWB - Nuclear Fuel Waste Bureau / Bureau sur les déchets de combustible nucléaire   EN / FR 
  • NWMO - Nuclear Waste Management Organization   EN / FR 
  • Ontario Power Generation - Nuclear Waste Management   EN 
  •   Deep Geologic Repository Proposal for L&ILW   EN 
  •   Independent Assessment Study for L&ILW   EN 

    China

  • China’s Radioactive Waste Management Program   EN 
  • Radioactive Waste & Spent Fuel Management in China   EN 

    Czech Republic

  • SURAO/RAWRA - Radioactive Waste Repositories Authority   CZ / EN 
  •   Deep Geological Repository Concept   CZ / EN 
  •   LLW Repositories   EN 

    Estonia

  • ALARA AS - Radioactive Waste Management Agency   EN 

    Finland

  • Posiva Oy   FI / EN / SE 
  • TVO   FI / EN 
  • VLJ Repository   EN 

  • France

  • ANCLI - Association Nationale des Commissions Locales d'Informations   FR 
  • ANDRA - Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs   FR / EN 
  • CLIS - Le Comité Local d'Information et de Suivi du Laboratoire de Bure   FR 
  • CNE - Commission nationale d'évaluation   FR 
  •   CNE Rapport d'évaluation no 10   FR 
  • Consultation du public sur le projet de Plan national de gestion des déchets radioactifs et des matières valorisables   FR 
  • GdR FORPRO - Groupement de Recherches FORmations géologiques PROfondes   FR 
  • Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Laboratory   EN 
  • Déchets radioactifs à vie longue - mission granite   FR 
  • Le Centre de l'Aube   FR 
  • Le Centre de l'Aube   EN 
  • Le Centre de la Manche   FR 
  • Le Centre de la Manche   EN 
  • CTFA - Morvilliers   FR 
  • CTFA - Morvilliers   EN 

  • Germany

  • BfS - Bundesamtes für Strahlenschutz   DE / EN 
  • DBE - Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Bau und Betrieb von Endlagen für Abfallstoffe mbH   DE / EN 
  • Endlagerung in Deutschland   DE 
  • ILK - Internationale Länderkommission Kerntechnik   DE / EN 
  • Gorleben exploratory mine   DE 
  • Gorleben exploratory mine   EN 
  •   Virtual Visit to Gorleben   EN 
  • Konrad Repository   DE 
  • Konrad Repository   EN 
  •   Virtual Visit to Konrad   EN 
  • Morsleben ERAM Repository   DE 
  • Morsleben ERAM Repository   EN 
  •   Virtual Visit to Morsleben   EN 

  • Hungary

  • RHK Kht - Radioaktív Hulladékokat Kezelo / PURAM - Public Agency for Radioactive Waste Management   HU / EN 

    Italy

  • National Radioactive Waste Disposal Site Task Force   IT 

    Japan

  • JNFL - Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd.   JP / EN 
  • Rokkasho Repository   EN 
  • MIU - Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory   EN 
  • NUMO - Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan   JP / EN 

    Korea (South)

  • KHNP - Radioactive Waste Management Project   EN 

    Latvia

  • RAPA   EN / LV 

    Lithuania

  • RATA - Radioaktyviuju atlieku tvarkymo agentura / Radioactive Waste Management Agency   LT / EN 

    Poland

  • Rozan   EN 

    Russian Federation

  • SIA Radon   RU 

    Slovak Republic

  • SAPIERR - Support Action Pilot Initiative for European Regional Repositories   EN 

    Slovenia

  • RAO - Slovenian Agency for Radwaste Management   SI / EN 

    South Africa

  • NECSA - Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (formerly AEC - Atomic Energy Corporation)   EN 
  • NLM - Nuclear Liabilities Management   EN 
  • Vaalputs Repository   EN 

  • Spain

  • ENRESA - Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radioactivos S.A.   ES / EN 
  • El Cabril Repository   ES 

  • Sweden

  • Äspö Modelling Task Force   EN 
  • Avfallskedjan - Waste Network Association   SE 
  • Kärnavfallsfondens - Swedish Nuclear Waste Fund   SE / EN 
  • KASAM - Statens råd för kärnavfallsfrågor   SE / EN 
  • Östhammars kommun Referensgruppen   SE / EN 
  • Projekt Kärnavfall i Oskarshamn   SE / EN 
  • SKB - Swedish Nuclear Fuel & Waste Management Co.   SE / EN 
  •   SKB Prototype Repository Project   EN 
  • SFR Repository   EN 
  • SFR in Swedish   SE 
  • Swedish Program for Long Term Isolation of High Level Nuclear Waste in Copper Canisters   EN 

    Switzerland

  • Grimsel Test Site   EN 
  • Mont Terri Rock Laboratory   EN / FR 
  • NAGRA - National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste   DE / FR / EN 
  • Wellenberg Project   DE 

    Thailand

  • Radioactive Waste Disposal Authority   TH 

    United Kingdom

  • BNFL - British Nuclear Fuels Ltd.   EN 
  • Drigg LLW Disposal Site   EN 
  • CoRWM - Committee on Radioactive Waste Management   EN 
  • CoRWM Final Report   EN 
  • 1999 House of Lords Report on Radioactive Waste   EN 
  • NIREX   EN 
  • UKAEA - UK Atomic Energy Authority   EN 

    United States
    Disposal facilities/sites

  • Barnwell, SC (CNSI)   EN 
  •   Barnwell Interim Site Stabilization & Closure Plan (US)   EN 
  • Beatty, NV (AEC)   EN 
  • Clive, UT (ECU)   EN 
  • Farallon Island   EN 
  • Hanford, WA - Civilian wastes (AEC)   EN 
  • Maxey Flats, KY   EN 

    Commercial disposal facility operators

  • American Ecology Corp. (AEC)   EN 
  • Chem-Nuclear (CNSI)   EN 
  • Envirocare Utah (ECU)   EN 

    US DOE disposal facilities

  • General   EN 
  • Fernald OSDF - On-site Disposal Facility   EN 
  •   Fernald OSDF (more...)   EN 
  • Hanford ERDF - Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility   EN 
  •   Hanford ERDF (more...)   EN 
  • Hanford 200 Area Low-Level Burial Ground   EN 
  • INEEL RWMC - Radioactive Waste Management Complex   EN 
  •   INEEL RWMC (more...)   EN 
  • LANL Technical Area-54 G   EN 
  • Monticello Disposal Facility   EN 
  • NTS Area 3 Radioactive Waste Management Site   EN 
  • NTS Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site   EN 
  • ORNL Solid Waste Storage Area 6   EN 
  • SRS E Area Vaults   EN 
  • Weldon Spring Site Disposal Facility   EN 
  • West Valley, NY (NYSERDA)   EN 
  •   West Valley (more...)   EN 
  • WIPP - Waste Isolation Pilot Plant   EN 

    DOE disposal facility operators

  • Washington TRU Solutions   EN 
  • WVNSCO - West Valley Nuclear Services Co   EN 

    Developing, sponsoring & review organizations

  • Atlantic Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Compact   EN 
  • California Radioactive Materials Management Forum   EN 
  • Central Interstate LLRW Commission   EN 
  • Churchill County Repository Planning & Oversight Program [Yucca Mountain]   EN 
  • Clark County Nuclear Waste Division [Yucca Mountain]
  • EPA Low-Activity Radioactive Waste Program   EN 
  • EPA Yucca Mountain Homepage   EN 
  • Eureka County Yucca Mountain Information Office   EN 
  • Hanford Spent Nuclear Fuel Program   EN 
  • Inyo County Yucca Mountain Assessment Office   EN 
  • Lander County Yucca Mountain Oversight Program   EN 
  • LFRG - Low-Level Waste Disposal Facility Federal Review Group   EN 
  • Lincoln County Yucca Mountain Oversight Program   EN 
  • Maine Advisory Committee on Radwaste   EN 
  • Massachusetts LLRW Management Board   EN 
  • Midwest Compact Commission   EN 
  • Mineral County Nuclear Projects Office [Yucca Mountain]   EN 
  • Nevada Agency for Nuclear Projects [Yucca Mountain]   EN 
  • New Jersey LLRW Disposal Facility Siting Board   EN 
  • New Mexico Environmental Evaluation Group [WIPP Review]   EN 
  • North Carolina Radioactive Materials Branch   EN 
  • NSNFP - National Spent Nuclear Fuel Program   EN 
  • NWTRB - Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board   EN 
  • Nye County Nuclear Waste Repository Project Office [Yucca Mountain]   EN 
  • NYSERDA - New York State Energy R&D Authority LLW   EN 
  • OCRWM - Office of Civilian Radwaste Management   EN 
  • ORNL Waste Management Operations Div.   EN 
  • Pahrump Nuclear Waste & Enviromental Advisory Board   EN 
  • Pennsylvania LLRW Disposal Facility   EN 
  • Pennsylvania Low-Level Waste Advisory Committee   EN 
  • South Carolina Radioactive Waste Program   EN 
  • Southeast Compact Commission   EN 
  • SWLLRWC - Southwestern Low-Level Radioactive Waste Commission   EN 
  • Texas LLRW Disposal Authority   EN 
  • TNRCC Radioactive Material Disposal Permits   EN 
  • USAF LLRW Office   EN 
  • US DoD LLRW Disposal Division   EN 
  • Utah Division of Radiation Control LLW Program   EN 
  • Washington State Dept of Ecology Nuclear Waste Program   EN 
  • West Valley Demonstration Project   EN 
  • White Pine County Nuclear Waste Project Office (Yucca Mountain)   EN 
  • Yucca Mountain Characterization Project   EN 

    Other US disposal information sites

  • Environmental Health Center WIPP Info Site   EN 
  • NMED WIPP Information Page   EN 
  • Summary of Hearings on Yucca Mountain HLW Disposal   EN 
  • Update & Hearing Summary on LLW Disposal   EN 
  • Update & Hearing Summary on Ward Valley LLW Disposal Site   EN 
  • Updated Status of WIPP Repository   EN 

      >>> See also: Hot Topics for more on Yucca Mountain and WIPP


    Other resources
  • International Profiles of Radioactive Waste Disposal Programs (US)   EN 
  • Low-Level Radioactive Waste Forum (US)   EN 
  • Radiation Reference Guide (US)   EN 
  • The Virtual Repository Database (UK)   EN 


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